Prophets of the Bible
According to the
understanding implicit in the Hebrew Bible, what do prophets do?
-
Discern
what God wants to tell people and deliver a message from God
-
Present
a concept of God joining old and new themes
-
Expose
sins and denounce fearlessly
-
Warn
and predict
-
Exhort
and give moral teaching
-
Simplify
tradition
-
Inspire
and encourage
Hannah,
according to 1 Samuel 1-2, taught God as the creator of heaven and earth:
- "There
is no Holy One like the Lord, no one besides you." (1Sa 2.2)
- "The
pillars of the earth are the Lord's, and he has set the world upon
them." (1Sa 2.9)
- "The
Lord enriches and impoverishes. He
raises up the poor from the dust; he lifts the needy from the ash heap to
make them sit with princes." (1Sa 2.8)
- "The
Lord is a God of knowledge, and actions are weighed by him. (1Sa 2.3)
- "The
Lord will judge the ends of the earth." (1Sa 2.10)
Samuel,
Hannah's son, was a vigorous prophet.
- "The
Lord will not forsake his people."
(1Sa 12.22)
- “The
Strength of Israel will not lie nor repent, for he is not a man, that he
should repent” (1Sa 15.29)
- "He
has made with us an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things and
sure." (2Sa 23.5)
- "You
are great, O Lord God, for there is none like you, neither is there any God
beside you."
- "With
the upright man he will also be upright." (2Sa 22.26)
- "Let
us fall now into the hands of the Lord, for his mercies are great." (
- "There
is no restraint upon the Lord to save many or few." (1Sa 14.6)
Amos (fl. 760)
taught that Judah and Israel will not escape punishment.
List of outrages: profit-making traffic in human beings, oppression of
the poor and afflicted; sexual misconduct; abuse of prophets.
- "He
who formed the mountains and created the wind, seek him who formed the seven
stars and Orion, who turns the shadow of death into the morning and makes
the day dark as night." (4.13)
- "Though
they dig into hell, thence shall I take them; though they climb up to
heaven, thence will I bring them down." (9.2)
- "And
though they go into captivity before their enemies, thence will I direct the
sword of justice, and it shall slay them." (9.4)
- "Surely
I will never forget any of your works." (8.7)
- "And
I will sift the house of Israel among all nations as wheat is sifted in a
sieve." (9.9)
- “Even
though you offer me your burnt offerings and grain offerings, I will not
accept them . . . . But let
justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever- flowing
stream.” (Amos 5.22, 24)
Hosea (fl.
750-722) proclaims the tender parental—indeed maternal—affection of God for
Israel expressed in chapter 11. God's
readiness to forgive and bless in response to a repentant request is portrayed
in chapter 14.
- "For
I desire steadfast love and not sacrifice, the knowledge of God rather than
burnt offerings." (6.6)
- "I
will betroth you to me forever; yes, I will betroth you to me in
righteousness and judgment and in loving-kindness and in mercies.
I will even betroth you to me in faithfulness." (2.19-20)
- "It
is my desire that I chastise them." (10.10)
- "I
will heal their backsliding; I will love them freely, for my anger is turned
away." (14.4)
- "They
shall know no God but me, for there is no savior beside me." (13.4)
The first Isaiah
(fl. 738-701) taught that rituals and animal sacrifices do not win the favor of
God. "Cease to evil, learn to
do good; seek justice, rescue the oppressed, defend the orphan, plead for the
widow" (1.16-17). The message
of forgiveness and rehabilitation is renewed.
Offenses catalogued: murder, stealing, dishonest and excess wealth,
neglect of those in need. Promise
for future: faithful judges and counselors; destruction for rebels and sinners.
Isaiah's call to prophetic work is recounted in chapter 6.
Chapter 9 gives a messianic promise and tells of persisting punishment
for iniquiry.
- "I
will make justice the line and righteousness the plummet." (28.17)
- "The
Lord will give you rest from your sorrow and from your fear and from the
hard bondage wherein man has been made to serve." (14.3)
- "And
your ears shall hear a word behind you, saying, `this is the way, walk in
it.'" (30.21)
- "Behold
God is my salvation; I will trust and not be afraid, for the Lord is my
strength and my song." (12.2)
- "`Come
now and let us reason together,' says the Lord, `though your sins be as
scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like the
crimson, they shall be as wool.'" (1.18)
Isaiah the ?
(chapters 56-66)
- "I
am the high and lofty one who inhabits eternity." (57.15)
- "The
heavens are my throne, and the earth is my footstool." (66.1)
- "I
dwell in the high and holy place, also with him who is of a contrite and
humble spirit." (57.15)
- "And
the Lord's hand is not too short to save, neither his ear to dull to
hear." (57.15)
- "And
the Lord will guide you continually and satisfy your soul. You shall be like
a watered garden and like a spring whose waters fail not." (58.11)
- "Arise
and shine, for your light has come, and the glory of the Lord has risen upon
you." (60.1)
- "The
spirit of the Lord is upon me because he has anointed me to preach good
tidings to the meek; he has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to
proclaim liberty to the captives and the opening of the prison to those who
are bound." (61.1)
- "I
will greatly rejoice in the Lord, my soul shall be joyful in my God, for he
has clothed me with the garments of salvation and has covered me with his
robe of righteousness." (61.10)
- "In
all their afflictions he was afflicted, and the angel of his presence saved
them. In his love and in his pity he redeemed them." (63.8-9)
Micah (fl.
725-700) tells of a future role for Israel as the source of teaching to the
nations and as the center of a future reign of peace: "They shall beat
their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall
not life up sword against nation; neither shall they learn war any more"
(chapter 4). Sacrifices do not win
the favor of God.
- "The
rulers judge for reward and the priests teach for hire and the prophets
divine for money." (3.11)
- "But
every man shall sit under his own vine, and no one shall make him afraid,
for all people will live, each one according to his understanding of
God." (4.4-5)
- "Shall
I come before God with burnt offerings? Will the Lord be pleased with a
thousand rams or with ten thousand rivers of oil? Shall I give my first-born
for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul? He has
shown me, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to
do justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God." (6.6-8)
Jeremiah (fl.
627-587)
- "They
shall come and sing aloud on the height of Zion, and they shall be radiant
over the goodness of the Lord, over the grain, the wine, and the oil, and
over the young of the flock and the herd; their life shall become like a
watered garden."
- "Then
shall the young women rejoice in the dance, and the young men and the old
shall be merry. I will turn
their mourning into joy; I will comfort them, and give them gladness for
sorrow" (31.12-13).
- "I
will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. .
. . I will put my law within
them, and I will write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they
shall be my people" (31.31-34).
- "Yes,
I have loved you with an everlasting love; therefore with loving-kindness
have I drawn you." (31.3)
- "For
he does not afflict willingly the children of men." (Lamentations 3.33)
- "Righteous
is our Lord, great in counsel and mighty in work. His eyes are open upon all
the ways of all the sons of men, to give every one according to his ways and
according to the fruit of his doings." (32.19)
- "And
now have I given these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar, the king of
Babylon, my servant." (27.6)
The second Isaiah
(fl. 587-538) encouraged the Israelites in captivity in Babylon with the promise
that they would return to their home in Jerusalem, and he gave a poetic and
truly monotheistic vision of a universal Creator God.
- "I
am the first and the last, and beside me there is no other God." (44.6)
- "Behold
he takes up the isles as a very little thing." (40.15)
- "And
as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your
ways and my thoughts higher than your thoughts." (55.9)
- "I
have made the earth and put man upon it. I have created it not in vain; I
formed it to be inhabited." (45.18)
- "I
am the first and the last; there is no God beside me." (44.6)
- "The
heavens may vanish and the earth wax old, but my righteousness shall endure
forever and my salvation from generation to generation." (51.6-8)
- "He
shall feed his flock like a shepherd; he shall gather the lambs in his arms
and carry them in his bosom." 40.11
- "He
gives power to the faint, and to those who have no might he increases
strength. Those who wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they
shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run and not be weary; they
shall walk and not faint." (40.29-31)
- "Fear
you not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God."
(44.10)
- "There
is no God beside me--a just God and a Savior."
- "Thus
says the Lord, `I have created you, I have redeemed you, I have called you
by your name; you are mine. When
you pass through the waters, I will be with you since you are precious in my
sight.'" (43.1-2)
- "Can
a woman forget her suckling child that she should not have compassion on her
son? Yes, she may forget, yet will I not forget my children, for behold I
have graven them upon the palms of my hands." (49.15-16)
- "Let
the wicked forsake his ways and the unrighteous man his thoughts, and let
him return to the Lord, and he will have mercy upon him, and to our God, for
he will abundantly pardon." (55.7)
- "God
would not forget, would not forsake." (41.17)
- "Every
one who is called by my name I have created for my glory, and they shall
show forth my praise." (43.7,21)
- "I,
even I, am he who blots out your transgressions for my own sake, and I will
not remember your sins." (43.25)
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